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C.E.R.T.O. / Guides

Understanding (and producing) digital evidence.

Practical, jargon-free guides: when a screenshot is not enough, how to capture chats and web pages in a way that holds up to challenge, what makes evidence admissible. Written for the people who use it, not for IT specialists.

Channel guides

Recording a video call as evidence: how to do it, and when it is lawful

A recording made on the computer can be used as evidence, but on its own says little about integrity, provenance and timing. How to make it verifiable, and when recording is lawfu…

7 Oct 2026 Read
Web pages

Forensic web page acquisition software: how to choose

Forensic acquisition products differ in how they acquire, what they deliver and what they cost. Ten questions to ask before choosing, and a comparison of what vendors declare.

30 Sep 2026 Read
Standards

Digital evidence standards: ISO 27037, SWGDE, BagIt, CASE/UCO

Digital evidence holds up when it speaks the language judges and experts know. Here are the four standards that matter — ISO 27037, SWGDE, BagIt, CASE/UCO — and where you find the…

29 Jun 2026 Read
Verification

How the opposing party can verify digital evidence

In court the other side attacks trust itself: "who says it is genuine?". Evidence anyone can verify independently flips the question — and closes the technical debate.

29 Jun 2026 Read
Defamation

Defamatory online review: how to capture the evidence

A fake or defamatory review can damage a business within hours — and disappear just as fast. Here is how to freeze it at once so it stands up in a case.

29 Jun 2026 Read
Guide

Forensic expert or self-service capture?

It is not always one or the other. Here, without hype, are the cases where capturing evidence yourself is enough — and the cases where a digital forensics expert is worth it.

29 Jun 2026 Read
Chain of custody

Chain of custody for digital evidence

You can have the right content and still lose, if you cannot show it reached the courtroom intact. The chain of custody is exactly that: the concept every professional should unde…

29 Jun 2026 Read
Email

Email as evidence

An email can decide a case: a contract, a cancellation, a dispute. But forwarding or printing it is not enough. Here is what makes a message truly disputable-proof.

29 Jun 2026 Read
Web pages

How to certify a web page so it can serve as evidence

A post, a listing, a review: online, anything can be edited or deleted in seconds. Four ways to preserve a web page, what each one proves and how to do it in practice.

29 Jun 2026 Read
WhatsApp

WhatsApp as evidence in court

Chats increasingly end up in litigation — separations, employment, debt, defamation. But a screenshot of the conversation is the easiest evidence to dispute. Here is how to captur…

29 Jun 2026 Read
Channel guides

Screenshot as evidence: how to capture it, step by step

A screenshot saved manually is an image anyone can retouch. Here is how to have the software produce and seal it instead, in six steps.

29 Jun 2026 Read